Al - Fatihah Page 1
قال تعالي
بِسْمِ
اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ( 1 ) الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ ( 2
) الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ ( 3 ) مَالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ( 4 ) إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ
وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ( 5 ) اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ( 6 ) صِرَاطَ
الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلا
الضَّالِّينَ ( 7 )
أولاً:
معلومات عامة عن السورة الكريمة
السورة
مكية
أسماء
السورة
1- سورة
الفاتحة، لأنها تفتتح القراءة في الصلوات
2- أم
الكتاب (لأنها تبدأ بكتابتها في القرآن، وتبدأ بتلاوة آياتها في الصلاة)
3- الحمد
4- الشفاء
5- الحماية
6- الكفاية
7- أساس
القرآن
8- السبع
المثاني
قال
الطبري
كانت
العرب تسمي كل جامع أمر أو مقدم لأمر "أم" ثم تقول للسوط الذي يجمع
الدماغ أم الرأس، ويسمون لواء الجيش وعلمهم الذي يجتمعون تحته (أم).
"وروى
الإمام أحمد عن أبي هريرة عن النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
أنه
قال عن أم القرآن: هي أم القرآن، وهي السبع المثاني، وهي القرآن العظيم"
ورواه ابن جرير كذلك.
ماذا
تتضمن السورة؟
1-
توحيد الألوهية
وهو
إفراد الله بالعبادة، مأخوذ من كلمة: (الله) ومن قوله: (إياك نعبد)
أ2 -
توحيد الأسماء والصفات
وهو
إثبات صفات الكمال لله تعالى، التي أثبتها لنفسه، وأثبتها له رسوله من غير تحريف
ولا تمثيل ولا تمثيل، ويدل على ذلك كلمة (الحمد) كما تقدم، وقد تضمن إثبات النبوة
في قوله: (اهدنا الصراط المستقيم) لأن ذلك محال بدون الرسالة.
3- تضمن
إخلاص الدين لله تعالى
العبادة
والاستعانة في قوله تعالى: (إِيَّاكَ نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ) الحمد لله
رب العالمين.
ثانياً:
شرح الآيات
بسم
الله الرحمن الرحيم (1)
(الله):
هو المعبود المستحق أن يختص بالعبادة، وهو متصف بصفات الألوهية التي هي صفات
الكمال
(الرحمن
الرحيم): اسمان يدلان على أنه تعالى الرحمن الرحيم الذي وسع كل شيء، وعم كل حي،
وكتبه للمتقين الذين يتبعون أنبياءه.
ورسله.
لهم الرحمة المطلقة، ولمن أحصاهم نصيب منها. جعلها الله -تعالى- سنة لجميع خلقه أن
يتبعوها.
وطريق
يسلكونه عليه في فتح منطقهم الأول وإصدار رسائلهم وكتبهم وحاجاتهم
حدثنا
أبو كريب ، قال
حدثنا
عثمان بن سعيد ، قال : حدثنا بشر بن عمارة ، قال : حدثنا أبو روق ، عن الضحاك ، عن
عبد الله بن عباس ، قال : أول ما نزل جبريل على محمد قال : "يا محمد استعذ ،
قل : أستعيذ بالسميع العليم من الشيطان الرجيم " ، ثم قال : قل : "بسم
الله الرحمن الرحيم " ، ثم قال : ( اقرأ باسم ربك الذي خلق ) [ العلق : 1 ] .
قال عبد الله : وهي أول سورة أنزلها الله على محمد بلسان جبريل .
عن ابن
عباس
أن أول
ما نزل جبريل على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم علمه الاستعاذة
الْحَمْدُ
لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
الحمد
لله بصفات الكمال، وبأفعاله التي تدور بين الفضيلة والعدل، فله الحمد التام، من
جميع وجوه الرب، فهو المربي للعالمين أجمعين -وهم الله- بخلقه وإغداقه عليهم نعماً
عظيمة لو فُقِدوا لما استطاعوا نجاة، فما هي نعمته عليهم، فهي من عنده تعالى،
ودليل قوله (رب العالمين) على تفرده بالخلق والتدبير والنعمة وكمال غناه، وفقر
العالمين إليه، بكل وجه وموعظة.
قال
النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم
"إذا
قلت الحمد لله رب العالمين فقد حمدت الله وزادك".
عن
المبارك بن فضالة، عن الحسن، عن الأسود بن سريع
قال
النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم: «ليس شيء أحب إليه من الله عز وجل، ولذلك حمد نفسه
وقال: الحمد لله».
الرَّحْمَنِ
الرَّحِيمِ (3)
قال
أبو جعفر أما الرحمن فهو "فعلان" الذي يرحم، والرحيم هو الذي يعتمد
عليه، حدثنا عثمان بن ظفر قال: سمعت العرزمي يقول "الرحمن الرحيم:
الرحمن" قال: "رحمن الخلق أجمعين". "الرحيم: الرحيم"
قال: للمؤمنين.
عن أبي
سعيد يعني الخدري قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم
إن
عيسى ابن مريم قال: الرحمن: رحيم الآخرة والدنيا، والرحيم: رحيم الآخرة، وقد خص
الله تعالى المؤمنين برحمته في الدنيا والآخرة بما عمّاهم هو والكافرون في الدنيا
من الفضل والإحسان إليهم أجمعين، في بسط الأرزاق، وتسخير السحاب بالمطر، وإخراج
النبات من الأرض، وصحة الأبدان والعقول، وسائر النعم التي لا تحصى التي يشترك فيها
المؤمنون والكافرون، وربنا جل ثناؤه أرحم خلقه في الدنيا والآخرة، ورحيم بالمؤمنين
خاصة في الدنيا والآخرة.
أما ما
اختصهم به في الآخرة
كان
بهم رحيماً دون الكافرين، ولم نصف أعلاه ما أعد لهم دون غيرهم من النعيم والكرامة
التي تقصر عنها الآمال.
مَالِكِ
يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ( 4 )
المالك:
هو الذي اتصف بصفة الملك، التي من آثارها أنه يأمر وينهى، ويجازي ويعاقب، ويتصرف
في عبيده في أنواع الأفعال، والملك مضاف إلى يوم القيامة، وهو يوم القيامة، يوم
يحاسب الناس على أعمالهم، خيرها وشرّها، لأن الناس في ذلك اليوم يظهرون كاملين،
وكمال ملكه، وعدله وحكمته، وانقطاع أملاك الخلائق. حتى [هو] في ذلك اليوم يتساوى
الملوك والرعية والعبيد والأحرار.
اهْدِنَا
الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ( 6 )
أي:
اهدنا ووفقنا إلى الصراط المستقيم، وهو الطريق الواضح الموصل إلى الله وجنته، وهو
معرفة الحق والعمل به، فاهدنا الطريق، وهو التمسك بدين الإسلام وترك غيره من
الأديان، والهداية على الطريق، التي تتضمن الهداية إلى كل تفصيل ديني، علماً
وعملاً، وهذا الدعاء من أجمع الأدعية وأنفعها للعبد، ولهذا يجب على الإنسان أن
يدعو الله به في كل ركعة من صلاته لضرورة ذلك، وهو طريق: النبيين، والصديقين:
المبالغين في الصدق، والشهداء، والصالحين.
صِرَاطَ
الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلا
الضَّالِّينَ ( 7 )
وقوله:
صراط الذين أنعمت مبينا أي الصراط المستقيم إذ كل طريق حق صراط مستقيم، ثم قيل
لمحمد صلى الله عليه وسلم: قل يا محمد اهدنا ربنا الصراط المستقيم صراط الذين
أنعمت عليهم بطاعتك وعبادة ملائكتك وأنبيائك والصالحين والشهداء والصالحين، وذلك
شبيه بما قاله ربنا سبحانه في وحيه: ولو أنهم فعلوا ما يوعظون به لكان خيرا لهم
وأشد تثبيتا، ولآتيناهم من عندنا أجرا عظيما وهديناهم إلى صراط مستقيم، ومن يطع
الله والرسول فأولئك مع الذين أنعم الله عليهم من النبيين والصديقين والشهداء
والصالحين.
"وحدثنا
ابن حامد الرازي قال
حدثنا
مهران عن سفيان عن مجاهد قال غير المغضوب عليهم قال هم اليهود عن إسماعيل بن أبي
خالد عن الشعبي عن عدي بن أبي حاتم قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم ولا
الضالون قال النصارى عن جابر بن عبد الله الأنصاري قال قال رسول الله صلى الله
عليه وسلم
قال
الله عز وجل
قسمت
الصلاة بين عبدي نصفين فله ما سأل فإذا قال العبد: الحمد لله رب العالمين قال
الله: أثنى علي عبدي، وإذا قال الرحمن الرحيم قال: أثنى علي عبدي، وإذا قال مالك
يوم الدين قال: مجَّدني عبدي، قال: هذا لي وله ما بقي.
First:
General information about the Holy Surah
the Sura
Meccan
The names of
the surah
1-
Al-Fatihah, because it opens the reading in the prayers
2- The Mother
of the Book (because it begin by writing it in the Qur’an, and begins by
reciting it in prayer)
3 - Praise
4 - Healing
5 -
Protective
6 - that
suffices
7 - The basis
of the Qur'an
8 - The Seven
Seconds
8 - The Seven
Doubles
Al-Tabari said
The Arabs
used to call every collector an order or a provider for an order “mother” then
you say to the lash that collects the brain, the head's mother, and they are
called the Army Brigade and their flag under which they gather (mother).
Dhul-Rimah
said
On his head
is a mother for us to imitate * All matters to which we do not disobey
Imam Ahmad
narrated on the authority of Abu Hurayrah on the authority of the Prophet, may
God bless him and grant him peace
He said about
the mother of the Qur’an: it is the mother of the Qur’an, and it is the seven
Doubles, and it is the Great Qur’an.” Ibn Jarir also narrated it similarly
What does the
surah include?
1 - Unity of
Divinity
It is to
single out God for worship, taken from the word: (God) and from his saying:
(You only we worship)
The Tawheed
of the Names and Attributes, which is affirming the attributes of perfection
for God Almighty, which He affirmed for Himself, and His Messenger affirmed it
for him without falsification, representation, or likeness, this is indicated
by the word (praise) as mentioned above, It included proof of prophecy in his
saying: (Guide us to the straight path) because that is impossible without the
message.
2- The
evidence of the penalty for actions
In his
saying: (owner of the Day of Judgment) and that the reward is just, because
religion means reward with justice.
It included
proof of destiny, and that the slave is a real doer, in contrast to qadriah and
gabriah, rather, it included the response to all the people of heresy [and
misguidance] In his saying: (guide us to the straight path) because knowing the
truth and acting upon it. Every innovator [and misguided] is contrary to that.
3 - It
included the devotion of religion to God Almighty
Worship and
seeking help in His saying: (You do we worship and you we seek help) Praise be
to God, Lord of the worlds.
Second,
explain the verses
In the Name
of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful (1)
(God): He is
the one who is worshiped, who deserves to be singled out for worship, It is
characterized by the attributes of divinity, which are the attributes of
perfection
(The Most
Gracious, the Most Merciful): Two names indicate that He is the Almighty, the
Most Gracious, the Most Merciful, which encompasses everything, permeates every
neighborhood, and wrote it for the righteous who follow His prophets.
and his messengers.
They have absolute mercy, and those who counted them have a share of it. God -
the Most High - made it a sunnah for all of His creatures to follow.
And a path
that they follow on it, in the opening of their first logic and the issuance of
their letters, books and needs
Abu Kreib
told us
He said:
Othman bin Saeed told us, he said: Bishr bin Amarah told us, he said: Abu Ruq
told us, on the authority of Ad-Dahhak, on the authority of Abdullah bin Abbas,
he said: The first thing that Gabriel revealed to Muhammad, He said: O
Muhammad, say: I seek refuge in the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing, from the
accursed Satan, then he said: Say in the name of God, the Most Gracious, the
Most Merciful. He said: Gabriel said to him: Say in the name of God, O Muhammad.
He says: Read in the Remembrance of God, your Lord, and stand up and sit in the
remembrance of God.
Ibn Abbas
said
“In the name
of God,” Gabriel says to him: O Muhammad, read in the remembrance of God, your
Lord, and stand up and sit in the remembrance of God.
"Allah"
From the
words of the Arabs, its origin is “God”.
الْحَمْدُ
لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ
(Praise be to
God, Lord of the worlds) (2)
Praise be to
God with the attributes of perfection, and with his actions that revolve
between virtue and justice, so to Him is complete praise, in all aspects of the
Lord, He is the educator of all the worlds - They are none other than God - by
His creation and His endowment of great blessings upon them, which if they were
lost, they would not be able to survive. What is their blessing, it is from the
Almighty, and evidence of his saying (Lord of the worlds) for His uniqueness in
creation, management, and blessings, and the perfection of His riches, and the
complete poverty of the worlds to Him, with every face and admonition.
The Prophet,
may God bless him and grant him peace, said
“If you say,
“Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds,” then you have thanked God, and He has
increased you.
On the
authority of Mubarak bin Fadalah, on the authority of Al-Hassan, on the
authority of Al-Aswad bin Saree
The Prophet,
may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, said: “There is nothing more beloved
to Him than God Almighty, and for that He praised Himself and said: Praise be
to God.”
الرَّحْمَنِ
الرَّحِيمِ ( 3 )
Most
Gracious, Most Merciful (3)
Abu Jaafar
said: As for the Most Merciful, He is “two actions”, the one who has mercy, and
the Most Merciful is the one who is dependent on him,
Othman bin
Zafar told us, he said:
I heard
Al-Arzmi say “The Most Gracious, the Most Merciful: Al Rahman” He said: “The
Most Gracious of all creation.” “The Most Merciful: Al - Raheem” He said: To
the believers.
On the
authority of Abu Saeed, meaning Al-Khudri, he said
The Messenger
of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, said: “Indeed, Jesus, son of
Mary, said: Ar-Rahman: Most Merciful of the Hereafter and this world, and
Ar-Rahim: Most Merciful of the Hereafter. God Almighty has singled out the
believers for His mercy in this world and the Hereafter, with what He and the
unbelievers have blinded them in this world, of favor and benevolence to all of
them, in extending sustenance, harnessing the clouds with rain, and bringing
plants out of the earth, and the health of bodies and minds, and all the
countless blessings that believers and unbelievers share in. Our Lord, may His
praise be exalted, is Most Merciful of all His creatures in this world and the
Hereafter, and Merciful to the believers, especially in this world and the
Hereafter.
As for what
he singled out for them in the Hereafter
He was
merciful to them rather than the unbelievers. We did not describe above what
was prepared for them without others of bliss and dignity that aspirations fall
short of.
مَالِكِ
يَوْمِ الدِّينِ ( 4 )
(The owner of
the Day of Judgment) (4)
The owner: He
is the one who is characterized by the quality of the king, one of the effects
of which is that he commands and forbids, rewards and punishes, and disposes of
his slaves in all kinds of actions, and the king added to the Day of Judgment,
which is the Day of Resurrection, a day when people will be judged for their deeds,
good and bad, because on that day, people appear fully, The perfection of his
kingdom, justice and wisdom, and the interruption of the possessions of
creatures. even [He] on that day, kings, subjects, slaves, and freemen are
equal.
إِيَّاكَ
نَعْبُدُ وَإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِينُ ( 5 )
(You alone we
worship and You alone we seek help) (5)
That is: We
single out you alone for worship and seeking help, because giving precedence to
what is done is beneficial to limitation, which is to confirm the ruling for the
aforementioned, and to negate it for everything else. It is as if he says: We
worship you, And we do not worship anyone but You, and we seek help from You,
and we do not seek help from anyone other than You, out of preference for the
general over the specific, and out of interest in giving priority to His right
over the right of His servant, because the servant in all his acts of worship
needs to seek the help of God Almighty. For if God does not help him, he will
not get what he wants from doing orders and avoiding prohibitions.
اهْدِنَا
الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ ( 6 )
(Guide us to
the straight path) (6)
That is:
guide us and grant us success to the straight path, which is the clear path
that leads to God and His Paradise, which is knowing the truth and acting
according to it, so guide us to the path, this is adherence to the religion of
Islam, abandoning other religions, and guidance on the path, which includes
guidance for all religious details, knowledge and action, This supplication is
one of the most comprehensive and most beneficial supplications for the
servant, and that is why a person must supplicate to God with it in every
rak’ah of his prayer, due to his necessity to do so, It is the path of: the
prophets, the Al sedeqqin: who's exaggerated in honesty, the martyrs, and the
righteous
صِرَاطَ
الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ غَيْرِ الْمَغْضُوبِ عَلَيْهِمْ وَلا
الضَّالِّينَ ( 7 )
(The path of
those whom You have bestowed favor, not of those with whom You anger on them,
nor of those who have gone astray) (7) Those who knew the truth and left it.
And change the path of (the lost) who left the truth in ignorance and
misguidance.
And His
saying: The path of those whom You have bestowed a clear indication of the
straight path, that is, the straight path, since every path of truth is a
straight path, then it was said to Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him
peace: Say, O Muhammad: Guide us, O our Lord, to the straight path, the path of
those whom You have bestowed upon, through Your obedience and worship of Your
angels, and your prophets, and the righteous, and the martyrs, and the
righteous. and that is similar to what our Lord, may His praise be to Him, said
in His Revelation: If they had done what they are admonished with, it would
have been better for them and stronger fixing , And We do give them a great
reward from Us and We have guided them to a straight path, And whoever obeys
Allah and the Messenger, they are With those whom God has blessed among the
prophets, the truthful ones, the martyrs and the righteous.
And Ibn Hamid
al-Razi told us, he said
Mahran told
us, on the authority of Sufyan, on the authority of Mujahid, he said: Other
than the angry ones, he said: They are the Jews.
On the
authority of Ismail bin Abi Khaled, on the authority of Al-Shaabi, on the
authority of Uday bin Abi Hatim
He said: The
Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, said: Not even those
who have gone astray. He said: “The Christians.”
On the
authority of Jabir bin Abdullah Al-Ansari, he said: The Messenger of God, may
God bless him and grant him peace, said
God Almighty
said: I divided the prayer between and between my servant two halves, and he
shall have what he asked for, so if the servant says: Praise be to God, Lord of
the worlds. God said: My servant has praised me, and when the Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful, says, He says: my servant commendate me, and when he says:
Owner of the Day of Judgment, he says: My servant has glorified Me, he says:
This is mine and he has what remains.
